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Appendix—Smoke From Forest Fires

Particulate matter (PM) from burning biomass is comprised

largely of elemental and organic carbon, as well as polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons and trace minerals. Particulate matter is

the major pollutant from wildland fire smoke. Smoke particles tend

to be very small—less than 1 micron in diameter. Particulate

matter from wood smoke has a size range near the wavelength

of visible light (0.4 to 0.7 micrometers). These particles are the

right size to scatter light and reduce visibility. Respiratory-related

health effects have been associated with biomass burning,

particularly for sensitive groups (persons with respiratory or

cardiovascular diseases, the elderly, and children). Airborne

concentrations of particulate, especially particulate smaller

than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM

2.5

), pose health, visibility,

safety, and nuisance problems. The proposed U.S. Environ-

mental Protection Agency standard for PM

2.5

is 65 micrograms

per cubic meter for a 24-hour average. At PM

2.5

levels higher

than 65 micrograms per cubic meter, visibility is reduced to

2.5 to 3 miles and air quality may be considered unhealthy.

For help answering smoke-related questions, see

Wildfire

Smoke: A Guide for Public Health Officials

http://www.deq.state.

mt.us/FireUpdates/Guide_for_Public_Health_Officials.doc

Smoke Management Plans—A comprehensive smoke

management plan is essential for the successful use of fire as

a wildland management tool. Monitoring ambient air to ensure

that smoke does not threaten people or protected areas is an

essential element of each prescribed burn plan. The proper

use of ambient air monitoring can help ensure that wildland

burning complies with State and Federal air-quality laws and

regulations while satisfying land management objectives. The

real-time estimated mass concentrations of particulate from

smoke can be used by the Forest Service to help manage a

burn and its production of smoke. If concentration levels show

rising trends that may affect a local community, fire managers

may alter the lighting technique to produce better smoke disper-

sion or they may decide to extinguish the fire.

During wildland fires, the DataRAM can be sited near population

centers or rural communities to provide PM

2.5

concentration

estimates for land managers and public health officials. Such

data can be used to determine the need for health advisories

for the general public.

(Check the values for your state; they may be different.)

Particulate levels PM

2.5

Particulate levels PM

2.5

Visibility (averaged 1 hour, (averaged 24 hours,

Categories (miles) micrograms per cubic meter) micrograms per cubic meter)

Good 10 or more 0 to 40 0 to 15.4

Moderate 6 to 9 41 to 80 15.5 to 40.4

Unhealthy for sensitive groups 3 to 5 81 to 175 40.5 to 65.4

Unhealthy 1.5 to 2.5 176 to 300 65.5 to 150.4

Very unhealthy 0.9 to 1.4 301 to 500 150.5 to 250.4

Hazardous 0.8 or less Over 500 Over 250.5

(Based on Helena, MT, empirical study (July 2000 Montana Department of Environmental Quality)

Health Advisory Categories for Montana

With Corresponding Air-Quality Index (AQI) and Visibility Values

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